모범 사례
Computation Precision Issues
If there are significant accuracy errors in your computations, this may be caused by the TF32 numeric type introduced for Ampere-architecture GPUs, or by frameworks such as Torch automatically enabling TF32 computations. TF32 can be simply understood as having the precision of FP16 but the range of FP32, offering higher performance but potentially lower accuracy.
For more information on this issue, refer to the official Torch documentation: Documentation
Generally, TF32 is sufficient, but if the weight values contain unusually large outliers (which is rarely the case), significant errors may occur. Below is a simple comparison of results:
code:
import torch
A = torch.tensor([[113.2017, 7.4502, 39.3118],
[-99.4285, 13.2169, 85.9321],
[194.0693, -4282.2979, 58.0138]]).float().cuda()
B = torch.tensor([[0.8673, -0.4966, 0.0337],
[0.0377, -0.0019, -0.9993],
[0.4963, 0.8680, 0.0171]]).float().cuda()
gpu = A @ B
cpu = A.cpu() @ B.cpu()
print('gpu:\n', gpu)
print('cpu:\n', cpu)
print('gpu-cpu:\n', gpu.cpu() - cpu)
print("-" * 10)
A = torch.rand(3, 3).float().cuda()
B = torch.rand(3, 3).float().cuda()
print("A:\n", A)
print("B:\n", B)
gpu = A @ B
cpu = A.cpu() @ B.cpu()
print('gpu:\n', gpu)
print('cpu:\n', cpu)
print('gpu-cpu:\n', gpu.cpu() - cpu)
output:
gpu:
tensor([[ 1.1795e+02, -2.2091e+01, -2.9597e+00],
[-4.3079e+01, 1.2396e+02, -1.5093e+01],
[ 3.5670e+01, -3.7907e+01, 4.2894e+03]], device='cuda:0')
cpu:
tensor([[ 1.1797e+02, -2.2107e+01, -2.9579e+00],
[-4.3088e+01, 1.2394e+02, -1.5089e+01],
[ 3.5666e+01, -3.7882e+01, 4.2868e+03]])
gpu-cpu:
tensor([[-2.3331e-02, 1.6153e-02, -1.8351e-03],
[ 9.2430e-03, 2.1469e-02, -3.5658e-03],
[ 3.8834e-03, -2.4605e-02, 2.6079e+00]])
----------
A:
tensor([[0.2938, 0.5557, 0.5823],
[0.7572, 0.8567, 0.8239],
[0.1630, 0.3278, 0.0526]], device='cuda:0')
B:
tensor([[0.6398, 0.1599, 0.5362],
[0.6011, 0.3908, 0.5424],
[0.5615, 0.7290, 0.6213]], device='cuda:0')
gpu:
tensor([[0.8490, 0.6888, 0.8207],
[1.4620, 1.0566, 1.3825],
[0.3308, 0.1926, 0.2979]], device='cuda:0')
cpu:
tensor([[0.8489, 0.6886, 0.8207],
[1.4620, 1.0564, 1.3825],
[0.3308, 0.1925, 0.2979]])
gpu-cpu:
tensor([[ 4.5955e-05, 2.0498e-04, -6.3181e-06],
[ 8.4162e-05, 1.1504e-04, -3.2902e-05],
[ 1.8775e-06, 6.3717e-05, 2.8968e-05]])
From the results above, we can see that for the first set (A and B), the error between the GPU and CPU calculations is relatively large. The main reason is that the A matrix contains relatively large numbers (in absolute value), whereas for the second set—with randomly initialized A and B—the error between the GPU and CPU is much smaller.
How can you avoid the above errors? You can disable TF32 computations. To do so:
torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = False # 禁止矩阵乘法使用tf32
torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32 = False # 禁止卷积使用tf32
code:
import torch
torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = False
torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32 = False
A = torch.tensor([[113.2017, 7.4502, 39.3118],
[-99.4285, 13.2169, 85.9321],
[194.0693, -4282.2979, 58.0138]]).float().cuda()
B = torch.tensor([[0.8673, -0.4966, 0.0337],
[0.0377, -0.0019, -0.9993],
[0.4963, 0.8680, 0.0171]]).float().cuda()
gpu = A @ B
cpu = A.cpu() @ B.cpu()
print('gpu:\n', gpu)
print('cpu:\n', cpu)
print('gpu-cpu:\n', gpu.cpu() - cpu)
print("-" * 10)
A = torch.rand(3, 3).float().cuda()
B = torch.rand(3, 3).float().cuda()
print("A:\n", A)
print("B:\n", B)
gpu = A @ B
cpu = A.cpu() @ B.cpu()
print('gpu:\n', gpu)
print('cpu:\n', cpu)
print('gpu-cpu:\n', gpu.cpu() - cpu)
output:
gpu:
tensor([[ 1.1797e+02, -2.2107e+01, -2.9579e+00],
[-4.3088e+01, 1.2394e+02, -1.5089e+01],
[ 3.5666e+01, -3.7882e+01, 4.2868e+03]], device='cuda:0')
cpu:
tensor([[ 1.1797e+02, -2.2107e+01, -2.9579e+00],
[-4.3088e+01, 1.2394e+02, -1.5089e+01],
[ 3.5666e+01, -3.7882e+01, 4.2868e+03]])
gpu-cpu:
tensor([[0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00, 2.3842e-07],
[0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00],
[7.6294e-06, 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00]])
----------
A:
tensor([[0.3775, 0.7031, 0.2857],
[0.7453, 0.2000, 0.9838],
[0.3098, 0.7035, 0.4328]], device='cuda:0')
B:
tensor([[0.6860, 0.6289, 0.9266],
[0.6632, 0.1984, 0.4418],
[0.4027, 0.1074, 0.3741]], device='cuda:0')
gpu:
tensor([[0.8404, 0.4076, 0.7673],
[1.0401, 0.6141, 1.1470],
[0.8534, 0.3809, 0.7598]], device='cuda:0')
cpu:
tensor([[0.8404, 0.4076, 0.7673],
[1.0401, 0.6141, 1.1470],
[0.8534, 0.3809, 0.7598]])
gpu-cpu:
tensor([[ 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00],
[-1.1921e-07, 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00],
[ 5.9605e-08, -2.9802e-08, 0.0000e+00]])